Skripsi
DESIGNING LOCAL INSTRUCTIONAL THEORY BASED ON STEM CONTEXT FOOTBALL FOR PARABOLA MATERIAL TO SUPORT PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS' FLEXIBILITY SKILLS
This study aims to develop and validate a STEM-based Local Instructional Theory (LIT) using a football context to support pre-service teachers’ mathematical flexibility in learning parabolic equations. The study employed a design research methodology with a validation study approach, consisting of the phases of preliminary design, teaching experiment (pilot experiment and full teaching experiment), and retrospective analysis. The participants were pre-service mathematics teachers. Data were collected through mathematical flexibility tests, students’ worksheets, classroom observations, and interviews, and were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through data triangulation. The results indicate that the developed STEM-based LIT is theoretically and empirically valid, practical for classroom implementation, and functionally effective in enhancing pre-service teachers’ mathematical flexibility. The most notable improvements were found in representational and strategic flexibility, while conceptual flexibility began to emerge but still required further scaffolding. These findings suggest that integrating authentic contexts, digital technologies (Desmos and Kinovea), and STEM-oriented learning can progressively foster mathematical flexibility and contribute to the advancement of context-based and technology-enhanced mathematics education theory.