Skripsi

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PARACETAMOL–KETOROLAC AND PARACETAMOL–KETAMINE ANALGESIC COMBINATIONS ON LAPARATOMY POST-SURGERY PAIN AT MUHAMMAD HOESIN GENERAL HOSPITAL PALEMBANG

---

Background: Postoperative pain in laparotomy patients poses a significant clinical challenge due to extensive tissue trauma and systemic inflammatory response. Non-opioid multimodal analgesia has become the primary strategy to optimize pain control while minimizing opioid use. A direct comparison between paracetamol–ketorolac and paracetamol–ketamine combinations for postoperative pain management in laparotomy patients remains absent in the literature, warranting the present study. Methods: This was a Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial conducted on adult patients undergoing elective laparotomy under general anesthesia at the Central Surgical Unit of Mohammad Hoesin General Hospital Palembang during February–March 2026. A total of 42 subjects were allocated into two groups: Group K1 (paracetamol + ketorolac, n=21) and Group K2 (paracetamol + ketamine, n=21). Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at four time points: preoperative (T0), 0 hour (T1), 2 hours (T2), and 24 hours (T3) postoperatively. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups with no statistically significant differences (all p > 0.05). No statistically significant differences of VAS score were found between groups at any time point (all p > 0.05). Both groups demonstrated significant within-group changes in VAS scores over time (time effect p < 0.001). Side effect profiles and rescue analgesia requirements showed no significant differences between groups (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of paracetamol–ketorolac and paracetamol–ketamine demonstrated equivalent analgesic effectiveness in managing postoperative pain following laparotomy during the first 24 hours, with comparable side effect profiles and rescue analgesia requirements. Both regimens may be considered viable non-opioid multimodal analgesic options for elective laparotomy patients. Keywords: postoperative pain, laparotomy, paracetamol, ketorolac, ketamine, multimodal analgesia, VAS

---

Availability

Detail Information

Series Title

-

Call Number

T1956152026

Publisher

Indralaya : Prodi Kedokteran, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sriwijaya., 2026

Collation

xiii, 37 hlm.; ilus.; 29 cm

Language

Indonesia

ISBN/ISSN

-

Classification

6.179.607

Content Type

Text

Media Type

-

Carrier Type

-

Edition

-

Subject(s)

analgesik
Prodi Kedokteran

Specific Detail Info

-

Statement of Responsibility

TUTI

Other version/related

File Attachment

Comments

---

You must be logged in to post a comment