Diabetes melitus is a chronic disease with a steadily increasing global prevalence, posing a significant concern in public health. This metabolic disorder is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which may lead to long-term complications if not managed properly. Conventional pharmacological therapies are commonly used to regulate glucose levels, but long-term use carries a risk of ser…
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by damage to the retinal blood vessels and a high risk of blindness, particularly among individuals of productive age. Early detection of DR is essential, as the disease often presents no noticeable symptoms in its initial stages but can progress to permanent vision impairment if left untreated. This study aim…