Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a normal flora of the oral cavity that can turn into a pathogen and cause various diseases such as abscesses, gingivitis, angular cheilitis, and denture stomatitis. This can be overcome with chlorhexidine, but long-term use can cause side effects. Using herbal ingredients with antibacterial properties can be an alternative treatment as a substitute for chlor…
Background: Cigarettes are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The number of deaths caused by exposure to cigarette smoke reaches 8 million individuals per year. This can occur because cigarette smoke contains more than 7,000 chemical compounds that can cause damage to body cells due to high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby increasing oxidative stress that triggers lip…
Demam tifoid terus menjadi masalah kesehatan yang utama di banyak negara berkembang di seluruh belahan dunia. Secara global, demam tifoid merupakan penyebab penting morbiditas dan kematian di banyak tempat di dunia, dengan perkiraan 12-33 juta kasus menyebabkan 216.000-600.000 kematian per tahun. Pada beberapa tahun terakhir ini, para klinisi di beberapa negara mengamati adanya kasus demam tifo…
Candida albicans infection in the oral cavity causes oral candidiasis with high prevalence in children, adults, and in people with systemic diseases. Since using long term antifungal drugs as a therapy for oral candidiasis can precipitate side effects, alternative therapies are needed therefore herbal medicines are used. One of the example is using papaya leaves and garlic combination. The purp…
Background : Escherichia coli is a normal bacterial flora that can cause many diseases. With the increasing rate of resistance to antibiotics, there is a tendency to use traditional medicine as an alternative medicine. Garlic (Allium sativum) has long been known as a medicinal plant which is proven to contain antibacterial compounds. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of garlic extr…