Kidney and urinary tract diseases in children can cause complications such as acute and chronic kidney disease. Proteinuria is an important marker for early detection. Dipstick urinalysis, manual or automated, is widely used for its speed and simplicity, though accuracy may differ. No study has compared these methods at Kemenkes RS Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang. This descriptive comparative stu…
Background: Bladder cancer is a prevalent urological malignancy strongly linked to exposure to tobacco-derived carcinogens, yet the influence of smoking behavior on its clinical and histopathological characteristics remains inconsistent across populations. Objective: This study aimed to assess the association between smoking status and both histopathological grading and clinical staging among p…