Indonesia ranks second as the country with the highest tuberculosis (TB) cases in the world. TB disease is caused by the acid-resistant bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which generally infects the lungs. The level of susceptibility to Mtb infection is influenced by host immune response factors, one of which is through the response of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-18. Single nucleotide …
Karsinoma ovarium merupakan suatu keganasan pada ovarium yang menempati urutan kelima penyebab kematian wanita. Sekitar 90% karsinoma ovarium berasal dari sel epitel permukaan ovarium. Etiologi karsinoma ini belum sepenuhnya diketahui, namun estrogen sejak lama diduga berperan terhadap kejadian karsinoma ovarium. Efek biologis estrogen diperantarai oleh reseptor estrogen, yaitu reseptor estroge…
Background: Variations in drug response may lead to treatment failure and/or adverse effects on individuals and subpopulations. Genetic factors have the greatest influence as the cause of this variation. The enzyme cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) is an enzyme involved in xenobiotics metabolism phase in liver cells. CYP2A6 plays a role in the metabolism of coumarin, nicotine, and nitrosamine. In vi…
Introduction: Breast cancer is the number two cause of death among women in the world after lung cancer. Incidence of breast cancer in Indonesia is estimated at 11-12 new cases per 100,000 population at risk per year; with the fact that more than 50% of cases already in an advanced stage. The ability of angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. One factor that has been well kno…