PT Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk., a state-owned coal mining company, operates in the Tanjung Enim area of South Sumatra with a Mining Business Permit (IUP) covering 66,414 hectares. Coal extraction is carried out using an open-pit surface mining method, where overburden is excavated and transported to designated waste dump or backfilling areas. The Tanjung Enim Mining Unit (UPTE) consists of three …
Reliability-based design is relatively well established in structural engineering. its use is less mature in geotchnical design, but there is a steady progression toward relibility-based design as seen in the inclusion of a new Annex D on "Reliability of Geotechnical structures" in the third edition of ISO 2394. reliability-based design can be viewed as a simplified form of risk-based design wh…