This study aimed to develop and evaluate the performance of MnO₂–TiO₂/C composite electrodes as electrochemical sensors for methanol detection using different carbon materials, namely Vulcan carbon, binchotan carbon, and Vulcan carbon modified with polyaniline (PANI). XRD analysis confirmed the presence of crystalline MnO₂ and TiO₂ phases at 2θ angles of 28.6° and 25.3°, respective…