Infection caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious concern due to its high resistance to conventional antibiotics. Light-based therapies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have emerged as promising alternatives. This study aimed to optimize the formulation of nanoemulsion-based hydrogels (NBH) containing ethyl acetate extract of ga…