This study aims to synthesize and characterize Zn–Terephthalate MOF as a bifunctional heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. The material was synthesized via a solvothermal method with variations in the precursor ratio of Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O to terephthalic acid (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1) to evaluate the effect of metal–ligand composition on structural properties …