Background: PaCO₂ plays a crucial role in cerebral autoregulation and perfusion. Both hypercapnia (increased PaCO₂) and hypocapnia (decreased PaCO₂) may have detrimental effects. Alterations in PaCO₂ can contribute to clinical outcomes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients after craniotomy. Methods: An observational analytic cohort was conducted in the ICU of Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Hosp…