his study aims to determine the effect of tin (Sn) concentration variations of 1%, 1.5%, and 2% on the characteristics of PVDF membranes for water filtration applications. The membranes were made using the electrospinning method at a voltage of 15 kV and characterized using SEM, tensile tests, water contact angle measurements, and clean water permeability (CWP). The results showed that the addi…