Fly ash is a coal combustion byproduct rich in silica and alumina, was synthesized using the hydrothermal method with drying temperatures of 100°C, 110°C, and 125°C to assess its impact on crystal structure, elemental composition, and morphology. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that crystallinity increased with temperature, with sharper diffraction peaks at 125°C. Scanning Electron …